1564 – 1654
Background
Legacy
Key Moment
Perspective & Relations
Narratives
| Russia | Seen as a fading rival once rich in tolerance and ambition, yet doomed by internal discord and Western entanglements. | |
| European Union | A bold experiment in pluralism and federation — admired for its tolerance, yet weakened by elite fragmentation and foreign ambition. | |
 | Ukraine | A legacy of tolerance and domination. The Commonwealth offered pluralism and protection to many — but also imposed power unevenly across its lands. |