In 1994, Ukraine surrendered it’s nuclear arsenal in exchange for security assurances. This was formalized in the Budapest Memorandum. The idea came from global denuclearization, starting with “unstable” states. In reality Ukraine lost one of it’s own means of power while the US, UK and Russia mainly kept their own intact and security assurance a memory on faded paper.

Background

After the Soviet collapse, Ukraine inherited over 1,900 nuclear warheads and strategic systems. Pressured by Western powers and bound by non-proliferation ideals, Ukraine agreed to disarm – but demanded firm guarantees in return.

Signed on 1994-12-05 by Ukraine, Russia, the US, and the UK, the memorandum promised respect for independence and sovereignty, no threat or use of force, and no economic coercion. The weapons were transferred to Russia and dismantled under international oversight.

Legacy

– Cornerstone of Ukraine’s denuclearization
– Frequently cited as evidence of failure to deter aggression
– Sparked debate on the value of security guarantees

Key Moment

Perspective & Relations