Kicker Title
Twelve-Day War
June 2025
Air campaign–War
In June 2025, Israel and Iran fought a twelve-day air war over Iran’s nuclear and missile
programmes. The United States joined late in the campaign to bomb key enrichment sites.
A fragile ceasefire followed, brokered by the Trump administration.
Background
Tensions had escalated over Iran’s advancing nuclear programme, missile tests, and regional
proxy operations. Israel had long warned of a possible pre-emptive strike. The US had
oscillated between diplomacy and pressure.
Legacy
– Set the stage for the February 2026 US-Israel strikes.
– Left Iran damaged but capable of rebuilding; accelerated domestic production.
– Protest wave in Iran intensified in late 2025.