Lima
Intro
Located along Peru’s central coast, Lima anchors national governance and serves as the country’s principal gateway to the Pacific and global markets.
Background
Founded as the Spanish colonial capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru, Lima became the administrative heart of Spanish South America. Centralization persisted after independence, shaping Peru’s political geography.
History
Indigenous coastal civilizations
Spanish founding as colonial capital
Administrative center of Spanish South America
Capital of independent Peru
Rapid urbanization and internal migration
Metropolitan expansion and governance strain
Present Day
Lima hosts national government institutions, ports, finance, and services. Urban governance addresses water scarcity, transport congestion, inequality, and informal settlement expansion.
Future Outlook
Lima will remain Peru’s dominant urban and political center. Long-term resilience depends on water management, infrastructure investment, and decentralization pressures.
Map
Articles
Event Timeline
Technocratic Governance and Managed Growth
Between 2002 and 2012, China was governed through a technocratic model emphasizing stability, managed economic growth, and incremental reform under collective leadership.
Convention of Peking
The Convention of Peking ended the Second Opium War and ceded the Kowloon Peninsula south of Boundary Street to Britain.
Second Opium War
The Second Opium War expanded Western military pressure on Qing China, resulting in deeper treaty concessions, legalized opium trade, and intensified foreign presence in imperial affairs.
First Opium War
In June 1839, Chinese official Lin Zexu ordered the destruction of British opium stockpiles in Canton, sparking the First Opium War.
The Long March
The Long March was a strategic retreat by Chinese Communist forces that ensured the survival of the CCP and elevated Mao Zedong as its dominant leader.
Comintern Influence on the Chinese Communist Party
From its founding until the mid-1930s, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) operated under strong ideological, organizational, and operational influence from the Soviet-led Comintern, shaping leadership struggles and strategy choices until a gradual break during the Long March era.
First Sino-Japanese War
The First Sino-Japanese War exposed the failure of Qing modernization and marked the transfer of regional leadership in East Asia from China to Japan.
Iranian Revolution
In 1979, a mass movement removed the Pahlavi monarchy and established the Islamic Republic, redefining Iran’s political and ideological system.
Reform Movement and the Khatami Presidency
From 1997 to 2005, Iran experienced a reform era focused on civic openness, political participation, and institutional debate.
The Green Movement
In 2009, large-scale protests challenged the presidential election outcome, marking one of the most significant political mobilizations since 1979.
Die EU muss als geopolitische Macht aufsteigen
1.000 traurige Tage des Krieges in der Ukraine. Chinas Einfluss rückt immer weiter vor. Die USA wenden sich nach innen. Es ist Zeit, in Europa zu handeln.