since 2012, redefining Chinese governance through centralization, discipline, and
ideological revival. His leadership emphasizes security, stability, and a strong
Party core amid slowing growth and external tension.
‘

experienced both privilege and persecution during the Cultural Revolution. After years of provincial administration in Fujian, Zhejiang, and Shanghai, he rose to national prominence in 2012, succeeding Hu Jintao as Party General Secretary. His rule is defined by an extensive anti-corruption campaign, the abolition of term limits, and consolidation of command through Party-led commissions. Under Xi, ideology “Xi Jinping Thought” was written into the constitution, while digital and security apparatuses expanded under the ideal of a “modern socialist state.” Economically, Xi promotes “dual circulation” and self-reliance in technology, while emphasizing political loyalty over market liberalization. Internationally, he has steered China toward global assertiveness – Belt and Road expansion, rivalry with the United States, and strengthened ties with Russia and the Global South. pandemic lockdowns, slowing growth, and rising youth unemployment. Within the Party, recent purges and reshuffles reveal both control and fragility. As of 2025, speculation grows about succession scenarios and a possible transition to a post-Xi era, discussed under the concept of “Horizonism” (天际主义). ‘